Conserving endemic coastal biodiversity in Tomini Bay, Gorontalo: ecosystem-based and community-driven protection strategies

Abstract

Tomini Bay in Gorontalo Province, Central Sulawesi, is recognized as one of Indonesia’s marine biodiversity hotspots, harboring numerous endemic species associated with coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrass meadows. However, increasing pressures from coastal development, overfishing, destructive fishing practices, and land-based pollution threaten the integrity of these ecosystems and the survival of endemic taxa. This paper aims to highlight the conservation status of endemic coastal biodiversity in Tomini Bay and to propose practical protection techniques tailored to the local socio- ecological context. Drawing on available ecological surveys, grey literature, and conceptual analysis, the paper first outlines key endemic groups, including reef-building corals, gobiid and mudskipper fishes, as well as mangrove- and seagrass-associated fauna, and summarizes their ecological roles in maintaining productivity, shoreline stability, and fisheries. The second part analyzes major drivers of habitat degradation and biodiversity loss, emphasizing how weak enforcement, limited community awareness, and fragmented management exacerbate ecological vulnerability. The paper then presents a set of integrated conservation recommendations, such as establishing a network of community-based marine protected areas, restoring critical habitats through mangrove rehabilitation and coral transplantation, adopting ecosystem-based fisheries management, and strengthening environmental education that incorporates local knowledge and customary practices. By combining science-based planning with participatory governance, Tomini Bay’s endemic biodiversity can be more effectively safeguarded while sustaining livelihoods for coastal communities. The insights from this paper are expected to support future policy formulation, academic research, and collaborative conservation initiatives in Gorontalo and the wider Tomini Bay region.